thoughts about industry 4.0

As Industry 4.0 technology becomes smarter and more widely available, manufacturers of any size will be able to deploy cost-effective, multipurpose and collaborative machines as standard. This will lead to industrial growth and market competitiveness, with a greater understanding of production processes leading to new high-quality products and digital services.

Exactly what impact a smarter robotic workforce with the potential to operate on its own will have on the manufacturing industry, is still widely disputed. Artificial intelligence as we know it from science fiction is still in its infancy. It could well be the 22nd century before robots really have the potential to make human labour obsolete by developing not just deep learning but true artificial understanding that mimics human thinking.

Ideally, Industry 4.0 will enable human workers to achieve more in their jobs by removing repetitive tasks and giving them better robotic tools. In theory, this would allow us humans to focus more on business development, creativity and science, which it would be much harder for any robot to do. Technology that has made humans redundant in the past has forced us to adapt, generally with more education.

But because Industry 4.0 robots will be able to operate largely on their own, we might see much greater human redundancy from manufacturing jobs without other sectors being able to create enough new work. Then we might see more political moves to protect human labour, such as taxing robots.

Again, in an ideal scenario, humans may be able to focus on doing the things that make us human, perhaps fuelled by a basic income generated from robotic work. Ultimately, it will be up to us to define whether the robotic workforce will work for us, with us, or against us.

https://theconversation.com/does-the-next-industrial-revolution-spell-the-end-of-manufacturing-jobs-80779

brain mapping at the neuronal level…

The results the team has achieved are the most in-depth neural map of fruit fly behavior yet. The project involved studying 2,204 populations of flies to find the neurons involved with 14 different behaviors, ranging from wing-flicking to attempted copulation. Were humans to have had to do the project’s “behavior labeling” work instead of machine learning algorithms, the task would apparently have taken 3,800 years. Even in the field of long-term research projects, that’s considered excessive!

“We have mapped the regions of the fly brain that are involved in a variety of locomotion and social behaviors,” Branson continued. “We have done this at the resolution of individual neurons across the entire brain. We hope that the behavior-anatomy maps resulting from our study will enable other biologists to understand the precise computations that the brain performs to produce these behaviors.”

The researcher’s work isn’t just limited to fruit flies, however. “As we start to decipher the ways that the fruit fly brain implements behavior, we hope to find common principles and motifs of neural computation that generalize beyond fruit flies,” she noted. “Understanding circuit computations does involve simulating our models of those circuits in the computer to prove to ourselves that we understand the system, and may enable us to understand why that particular implementation of behavior is advantageous.”

While currently artificial neural networks are only an approximation of how the brain works, hopefully research like what has been conducted by the Howard Hughes Medical Institute will help brain-inspired computation advance to the next level. A paper on the research was published in the journal Cell.

https://www.digitaltrends.com/cool-tech/fruit-fly-brain-map-neuron/

 

sodium batteries would change everything…

Scientists have designed a new type of cathode that could make the mass production of sodium batteries more feasible. Batteries based on plentiful and low-cost sodium are of great interest to both scientists and industry as they could facilitate a more cost-efficient production process for grid-scale energy storage systems, consumer electronics and electric vehicles. The discovery was a collaborative effort between researchers at the Institute of Chemistry (IOC) of Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) and the U.S. Department of Energy’s (DOE) Brookhaven National Laboratory.

Read more at: https://phys.org/news/2017-07-scientists-cathode-sodium-based-batteries.html#jCp

uncertainty and the path to prototype warfare…

This article is primarily about war planning.  However the description of uncertainty applies to everything. Well worth a read 

Dealing with uncertainty is not a new problem for military planners, though, and research on military innovation may provide an answer for the way forward. For example, Stephen Rosen’s classic book on military innovation, Winning the Next War, identifies two types of flexibility for dealing with uncertainty. According to Rosen, “Type I” flexibility relies upon developing capabilities, such as the aircraft carrier, that have great utility over time, particularly as such can be modified as mission certainty increases. “Type II” flexibility involves buying information on weapon systems and then deferring large-scale production decisions. This usually involves bringing systems to the prototype stage and permitting military testing in field or fleet exercises. Rosen describes how this strategy was used successfully in the development of guided missile programs. At the end of World War II, it was not clear how to proceed with missile technology, as this was a period of great uncertainty both technically and politically. The Joint Chiefs of Staff adopted a hedging strategy in the late 1940s that focused on investing in the basic research and, as the operational demands of the Korean War increased, the Pentagon was able to quickly shift into full-scale missile production.

Can the Type II model of flexibility be turned into an operational advantage? This is not a new idea, but has yet to be given a fair shake by the U.S. military. In the 1990s, one U.S. Army officer predicted that this approach to capability development would result in an operationally significant concept he termed prototype warfare. In The Principles of War for the Information Age, published in 2000 and prior to the onset of the trends that Hammes discusses, Robert Leonhard argues that to create or to maintain a technical advantage in the information age, successful militaries need to adapt their economies and military doctrine to prototype warfare. He observes that technological change in the industrial age occurred at a moderate tempo and as a result, military doctrine was based on the fundamental premise of mass production. He concludes, “future warfare will feature a constant myriad of technological advances that come at a tempo that disallows mass production.”

https://warontherocks.com/2017/07/the-path-to-prototype-warfare/

Kurtoglu making sense on future of AI 

“What we’re talking about here is more of a symbiotic team between an AI agent and a human,” he said. “They solve the problems together, it’s not that one of them tells the other what to do; they go back and forth. They can formulate the problem, they can build on each other’s ideas. It’s really important because we’re seeing significant advancements and penetration of AI technologies in almost all industries.”
You can listen to Recode Decode on Apple Podcasts, Google Play Music, Spotify, TuneIn, Stitcher and SoundCloud.

Kurtoglu believes that both in our personal lives and in the office, every individual will be surrounded by virtual helpers that can process data and make recommendations. But before artificial intelligence reaches that level of omnipresence, it will need to get a lot better at explaining itself.

“At some point, there is going to be a huge issue with people really taking the answers that the computers are suggesting to them without questioning them,” he said. “So this notion of trust between the AI agents and humans is at the heart of the technology we’re working on. We’re trying to build trustable AI systems.”

“So, imagine an AI system that explains itself,” he added. “If you’re using an AI to do medical diagnostics and it comes up with a seemingly unintuitive answer, then the doctor might want to know, ‘Why? Why did you come up with that answer as opposed to something else?’ And today, these systems are pretty much black boxes: You put in the input, it just spits out what the answer is.”

So, rather than just spitting out an answer, Kurtoglu says virtual agents will explain what assumptions they made and how they used those assumptions to reach a conclusion: “Here are the paths I’ve considered, here are the paths I’ve ruled out and here’s why.”

Humans and AI will work together in almost every job, Parc CEO Tolga Kurtoglu says – Recode https://apple.news/ATxnLf8lERcWQDL76RMi-tA

AI researcher worries… intelligently… Could Marx still be right?

fascinating issue  raised at the end of the article. Could Marx and Lenin still be right? Could the elites own all the means of production  through AI slavery?

I’m not very concerned about unintended consequences in the types of AI I am developing, using an approach called neuroevolution. I create virtual environments and evolve digital creatures and their brains to solve increasingly complex tasks. The creatures’ performance is evaluated; those that perform the best are selected to reproduce, making the next generation. Over many generations these machine-creatures evolve cognitive abilities.
Right now we are taking baby steps to evolve machines that can do simple navigation tasks, make simple decisions, or remember a couple of bits. But soon we will evolve machines that can execute more complex tasks and have much better general intelligence. Ultimately we hope to create human-level intelligence.
Along the way, we will find and eliminate errors and problems through the process of evolution. With each generation, the machines get better at handling the errors that occurred in previous generations. That increases the chances that we’ll find unintended consequences in simulation, which can be eliminated before they ever enter the real world.
Another possibility that’s farther down the line is using evolution to influence the ethics of artificial intelligence systems. It’s likely that human ethics and morals, such as trustworthiness and altruism, are a result of our evolution – and factor in its continuation. We could set up our virtual environments to give evolutionary advantages to machines that demonstrate kindness, honesty and empathy. This might be a way to ensure that we develop more obedient servants or trustworthy companions and fewer ruthless killer robots.
While neuroevolution might reduce the likelihood of unintended consequences, it doesn’t prevent misuse. But that is a moral question, not a scientific one. As a scientist, I must follow my obligation to the truth, reporting what I find in my experiments, whether I like the results or not. My focus is not on determining whether I like or approve of something; it matters only that I can unveil it.

https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/what-an-artificial-intelligence-researcher-fears-about-ai/

We all, individually and as a society, need to prepare for that nightmare scenario, using the time we have left to demonstrate why our creations should let us continue to exist. Or we can decide to believe that it will never happen, and stop worrying altogether. But regardless of the physical threats superintelligences may present, they also pose a political and economic danger. If we don’t find a way to distribute our wealth better, we will have fueled capitalism with artificial intelligence laborers serving only very few who possess all the means of production.

Position Update…

So as of today at 9am for bond hedge /zn and 1pm for gold, my macro hedges are back on, seeking to buffer my positions from Knightian uncertainty. These positions are more a hedge against uncertainty than risk. They aren’t the same thing and I haven’t done a good job of explaining the difference in my portfolio construction. 

In any case, the summer scare is either over or setting us up for a real summer of hurt. I hope to be secure in my process either way… 

$7 trillion taas

Intel released a report last month in collaboration with research firm Strategy Analytics that made some big predictions for the coming driverless car market. Among them was the estimate that self-driving cars would be at the heart of a $7 trillion market by 2050.

The company calls this new market the “Passenger Economy” and said that about 43% of it will be created from businesses using self-driving services, and the rest by consumers. Intel’s focus on driverless cars has spiked ever since it purchased Mobileye N.V. earlier this year for about $15 billion. Mobileye makes computer vision technology and Intel is using the acquisition to propel itself toward the front of the driverless car pack.

But Intel’s estimate of a $7 trillion passenger economy is just one prediction the company’s making about the future of autonomous vehicles. Here are a few more.

1. Automakers will adapt to a mobility-as-a-service model as car ownership is disrupted

The report says that in the coming decade’s consumers will mainly be riding around in vehicles that they don’t own and that this will completely disrupt car ownership as we know it. The company notes that most cars sit idle about 92% of the time, and asserts that a growing share of consumers will prefer to “order mobility” rather than owning vehicles outright.

Intel believes that automakers will still be able to benefit in this new economy: “Carmakers will be in the throes of replacing vehicle sales with Mobility-as-a-Service models,” the report said.

That prediction may be closer to becoming reality than many realize. Ford has already said that it will have a fleet of self-driving cars capable of Level 4 automation (able to drive pre-set, mapped areas and on some highways) by 2021 and that these vehicles will be specifically for commercial use. Ford also says that by the end of this year, it will have about 90 self-driving cars on the road.

2. Trucking will see huge changes, including a loss of jobs

“The emergence of pilotless vehicle options will first appear in developed markets and will reinvent the package delivery and long-haul transportation sectors. This will relieve driver shortages around the world and account for two-thirds of initial projected revenues,” the Intel report says of the B2B transportation-as-a-service market.

Unfortunately for the drivers who currently hold these types of jobs and those who would have succeeded them, the report notes that they are “likely to be displaced in significant numbers.” As the American Trucking Associations recently noted in an open letter to the president, 7.3 million people work in trucking and trucking-related industries in the U.S. — 1 in 16 people in the country.

3. New businesses will emerge as a result of driverless cars

Intel is optimistic that self-driving technologies will spur new innovations and new business as the vehicles become more widespread.

One such example is Alphabet’s smart city subsidiary, Sidewalk Labs. The company is applying machine vision technology to street signs and parking to create better solutions for real-time parking. Intel believes coupling technology like this to autonomous vehicles will “lead to a dramatic decline in surface parking, which would, in turn, free up land for higher-density redevelopment in urban cores around the world.”

Intel thinks about $200 billion in revenue will be created from consumers using such new innovations and services. One example the company gave was the idea of “experience pods” that not only cart passengers to their destination but also offer services like a beauty salon, mobile healthcare clinic, or fast-casual dining.

4. More than half a million lives will be saved over the span of a decade

It’s a well-known conclusion that driverless cars will eventually save many lives, but Intel offered up its own estimates about just how many in the report: “Conservatively, 585,000 lives can be saved due to self-driving vehicles in the era of the Passenger Economy from 2035 to 2045.”

And not only with the roads be safer with driverless cars, but they’ll also help drive down public safety costs because there will be fewer collisions. Those costs could fall by a total of more than $234 billion over that period, according to the report.

5. Commuting times will drop

Driverless cars won’t just make driving safer though, it’ll likely cut down our commute times as well. Self-driving vehicles are expected to save people more than 250 million hours of commuting time a year in the world’s 50 most congested cities, the report said.

The benefits will come from driverless cars’ ability to access the most current traffic data and change their routes based on congestion, accidents, and construction. The vehicles will constantly be searching for the fastest routes and making changes in real-time to reduce trip times.

How Intel plans to benefit from all of this

Intel is looking to its purchase of Mobileye to spur new growth for the company. Mobileye’s computer vision technology — which essentially allows driverless cars to see — has leapfrogged Intel to the head of the advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) pack. The company knows that ADAS systems like automatic braking, adaptive cruise control, and lane change warnings are the stepping stones to fully driverless vehicles, which makes Mobileye a solid bet.

The thing investors need to remember is that Intel’s purchase of Mobileye wasn’t a bet on the company’s revenue streams. The driverless car tech company brought in just $358 million in revenue in 2016, a figure that’s dwarfed by the $59 billion Intel earned.

Instead, Intel will take Mobileye’s technology and likely use it to sell driverless car systems to other companies, pairing it with the company’s processors. The company’s been pursuing new avenues of chip growth as PC sales continue to decline and the company is betting that selling chips into the $7 trillion passenger economy may be the right play.

Intel CEO Brian Krzanich told Bloomberg in March that, “If you look at where autonomous vehicles are going, you have to make a deal in order to be there in 2021 when models hit the road.”

In 2016, Intel earned 55% of its revenue from its client computing group (CCG), which includes all of its chips for notebooks, tablets, desktops. Meanwhile, the company’s Internet of Things group (IOTG) — which includes chips for the transportation market — accounted for just 5% of revenue. So even though Intel is making a serious play on a potentially massive market, it will still be a long time before its Mobileye purchase and driverless car tech plans have a major impact on the company’s top line.

Intel thinks driverless cars will be a $7 trillion market that will completely reshape transportation – Business Insider UK
https://apple.news/AqUkiWeQCOoWDSN7KD3I2og